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Stress / Strain
Stress is expressed as force per unit area. As this suggests, it is simply the intensity of the internally distributed forces that resist a change in the shape of a material that is being, or has been, subjected to external forces. The factors which we have to bear in mind here are the intensity of the force distributed over the area, the location of the stress, and the material's internal resistance to the applied load.
The two most common stress considerations are:
Average Normal Stress Under an Axial Loading
σavg = F
A
Where F is the normal force across the area and A is the normal area.
Average Shear Stress
τavg = Fs
A
Where Fs is shear force and A is shear area.
Stress and Strain are linear as proven by Hooke's Law
Stress =σ=constant=E
Strain ε
Poisson's Ratio is used to calculate linear strain
υ= -Lateral Strain
Axial Strain
The more brittle, the lower the number e.g ceramics 0.2, rubber 0.5.
Torsion
Torsion is the term given to the twising of a component due to torque being applied.
Torsion formula
T = GΦ = τ
J L R
T= Torque, J= Polar moment of inertia, G= Shear modulus, Φ= Angle of twist, L= Length of shaft, T= Torson shear stress, R= Radius of shaft
Elasticity
Young's Modulus of Elasticity- Young's Modulus is the E in Hooke's Law
Young's features in Hooke's Law as the Proportional Limit.
Elasticity: Anisotropic 21, Monoclinic 13, Orthotropic 9, Transversely Isotropic 5, Cubic 3, Isotropic 2
Density
Density = Mass
Volume
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Tmin x a = stensile
Take the minimum tensile strength of the ASTM Grade and multiply by the stress area of the cross section of piece.
Hardness
Young's Modulus of Elasticity- Young's Modulus is the E in Hooke's Law
Young's features in Hooke's Law as the Proportional Limit.
Elasticity: Anisotropic 21, Monoclinic 13, Orthotropic 9, Transversely Isotropic 5, Cubic 3, Isotropic 2
Ease of Joining
Young's Modulus of Elasticity- Young's Modulus is the E in Hooke's Law
Young's features in Hooke's Law as the Proportional Limit.
Elasticity: Anisotropic 21, Monoclinic 13, Orthotropic 9, Transversely Isotropic 5, Cubic 3, Isotropic 2
Yield Strength
Ymin x a = syield
Take the minimum yield in psi of the ASTM Grade and multiply by the stress area of the specific cross section of the piece.
Corrosion Resistance
Young's Modulus of Elasticity- Young's Modulus is the E in Hooke's Law
Young's features in Hooke's Law as the Proportional Limit.
Elasticity: Anisotropic 21, Monoclinic 13, Orthotropic 9, Transversely Isotropic 5, Cubic 3, Isotropic 2
Machinability
Young's Modulus of Elasticity- Young's Modulus is the E in Hooke's Law
Young's features in Hooke's Law as the Proportional Limit.
Elasticity: Anisotropic 21, Monoclinic 13, Orthotropic 9, Transversely Isotropic 5, Cubic 3, Isotropic 2
Rigidity
The relationship between shear stress and strain in all three directions is denoted thusly:
τxx = GYxy
τyz = GYyz
τzx = GYzx
"G"= Modulus of rigidity
Wear Resistance
Young's Modulus of Elasticity- Young's Modulus is the E in Hooke's Law
Young's features in Hooke's Law as the Proportional Limit.
Elasticity: Anisotropic 21, Monoclinic 13, Orthotropic 9, Transversely Isotropic 5, Cubic 3, Isotropic 2
Ductility
Young's Modulus of Elasticity- Young's Modulus is the E in Hooke's Law
Young's features in Hooke's Law as the Proportional Limit.
Elasticity: Anisotropic 21, Monoclinic 13, Orthotropic 9, Transversely Isotropic 5, Cubic 3, Isotropic 2
Weldability
Young's Modulus of Elasticity- Young's Modulus is the E in Hooke's Law
Young's features in Hooke's Law as the Proportional Limit.
Elasticity: Anisotropic 21, Monoclinic 13, Orthotropic 9, Transversely Isotropic 5, Cubic 3, Isotropic 2
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materials selection
The key to all engineering conundrums is not what, or why, or even where, it is how. The first consideration to be made when embarking upon a project is the selection of the material which you are going to use, and that is where we specialise. The main reason for this consideration is that it has massive structural and cost implications. If you are working to maximum strength, weight, corrosion or cost requirements there are more than 160,000 engineering materials for you to choose from. Here, we try to intelligently narrow that field.
Integ Metals // Materials Selection
Formability
Young's Modulus of Elasticity- Young's Modulus is the E in Hooke's Law
Young's features in Hooke's Law as the Proportional Limit.
Elasticity: Anisotropic 21, Monoclinic 13, Orthotropic 9, Transversely Isotropic 5, Cubic 3, Isotropic 2
